COP28
Safety Contacts
The COP28 Safety Hub exists to provide you an accessible channel through which you can access on-site and remote support in case of an incident during COP or on your return home. The Hub is a joint initiative of organisations and specialists with experience managing different types of risk. For questions or support, please reach out to us:
safetyhub@proton.me | +49 177 684 4896
Before COP
First Contact: Your delegation organiser
Second Contact: Safety Hub coordinator
During COP
First Contact: Your delegation organiser
or in case of emergency: Safety Hub coordinator
Second Contact: Safety Hub coordinator
After COP
First Contact: Safety Hub coordinator and delegation organiser
Second Contact: Support network in your home country
Support through your Embassy
In case of a serious incident (such as arrest), your embassy can provide you with a representative, a translator, and a lawyer. It is wise to have the contact details of your embassy saved to your phone and written down on paper in case of an incident. However, if your activism in your home country has drawn negative attention from the authorities in the past, it may be safer for you to seek independent legal support. If you are unsure, the Safety Hub can help you assess what is best in your case.
Medical Facilities
NMC Specialty Hospital
Community East - The Green Community
The Green Community, West Gate Entrance 1
Tel: +971800313 / Ambulance: 998
NMC Speciality Hospital is a well-respected state-of-the-art healthcare facility close to Dubai Expo City which provides 24 hour emergency support.
First aid services available at COP venue.
Getting to know the UAE Context
The United Arab Emirates is an elective monarchy formed of seven Emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Each emirate is governed by a ruler. The seven rulers together form the Federal Supreme Council. Dubai is the most populated city in the UAE and capital of the Emirate of Dubai, with around 88% of its population being expatriate workers. The city is located on the Arab Gulf coast and is especially known for luxury tourism. One of its main attractions is the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa. The city is accessible via two international airports, and has good road connections to cities like Abu Dhabi. Dubai is a modern, metropolitan city known for hosting international conferences and is well set up for international visitors.
Through hosting COP28, the UAE hopes to consolidate its position as a leader within the field of climate change and sustainability. Additionally, the UAE government likely sees COP as an opportunity to present itself open and tolerant in order to secure improved international standing on the world stage. However, since 2011 the UAE has continuously imposed harsh restrictions on civil society, including laws that criminalise peaceful dissent through expression, association and peaceful assembly. This has resulted in dozens of Emirati dissidents being imprisoned.
While publicly adopting a stance of opening COP28 to greater participation of civil society, the restrictive laws against freedom of expression and peaceful assembly make the effective participation of Emirati nationals and UAE residents virtually impossible. The country also has multiple legal provisions in place which punish criticism of the political system, the government and rulers. In addition to closed space for civil society, the UAE has a poor record on issues including right to privacy, workers’ rights, women’s rights, sexual and reproductive rights and LGBTQIA+ rights. Many apps and websites are blocked or banned within the UAE and use or access will not be possible without the use of a previously installed VPN.
COP28 in Dubai
COP28 is taking place in Dubai, UAE, from 30th November to 12th December 2023. The UAE is a unique context and presents different risk implications compared to previous COPs. The UAE government has deep connections to the fossil fuel industry and civil society engagement is highly restricted. The participation of international independent media and human rights organisations is likely to be inhibited during COP28 to minimise public criticism while maintaining an image of openness and tolerance. State surveillance is widespread and infringes on individuals’ right to privacy. The UAE is home to some of the most sophisticated surveillance technology globally and authorities can monitor civilians’ activity both online and offline with ease. The level of surveillance is expected to be heightened during COP and delegations should be prepared for surveillance as a method of intimidation.
It is likely that international civil society will capitalise on the international attention surrounding COP to advocate on historical and ongoing cases of human rights violations within the UAE, including cases of current political prisoners. Such topics may draw a backlash for vocal activists, including the risk of deportation. Other red lines include criticism of the royal family, the government, Islam, Emirati culture and companies affiliated with the State (e.g. ADNOC).
Documentation
Identification
Your passport must be valid for at least 6 months from the time you will enter the UAE. You also need to have unused pages remaining in your passport for stamps/visa.
Badges
Your badge offers you access to the Blue Zone - the area where COP meetings will take place. When your delegation organiser commits to providing you with a badge, you should also receive a letter of acknowledgement of your nomination. This letter carries the logo of the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat and can be used as a visa support letter.
It is possible to attend activities in the Green Zone without a badge, but you will still need a letter of invitation to apply for a visa (see below).
Invitation Letter
Unfortunately, the letters of acknowledgement from the UNFCCC frequently don’t reach participants on time. It is best to ensure you have another letter of invitation as well. There might be several options to look into including:
Letter of invitation from your delegation organiser
Letter of invitation from the hotel you’ll be staying in
Visas
If you have received your letter of acknowledgement from the UNFCCC, you can apply for a visa free of charge. The email confirming your accreditation contains a link which leads you to the visa application. Visa applications are usually processed within 72 hours.
If you are planning to only participate in the Green Zone (for which you do not need a badge), you can apply for a visa directly at your nearest UAE embassy or consulate. You can find out the nearest office here. The visa type and application requirements also depend on your country of citizenship and the purpose of your visit. You can find specific information on visa requirements here. It may be necessary to declare your intention to participate in COP as this could affect the type of visa you should apply for.
You may need to show the following documents for your application:
a letter of invitation from a local organisation/company
a hotel reservation
a return flight ticket
proof of sufficient funds
Your social media profile may also be reviewed during your application process and can reveal a lot of information about you. Consulate officials may ask you questions about your identity based on publicly available information. It is wise to check what others can find out about you and consider how this might affect your visa application or entry into the UAE. You may want to delete posts that could draw unwanted attention and consider setting your accounts to private. For more information check out the Personal Risk Assessment Guide and the section on additional considerations for women, BIPoC and LGBTQIA+.
While some nationalities may be eligible for a visa upon arrival, if your application for a visa on arrival is denied for any reason, you will be required to return to your home country on the next available flight. You will not be permitted to leave the airport. It is therefore advisable for all COP participants to apply for a visa in advance.
Note: Depending on your travel route, some countries may require you to get a transit visa, even if you are just changing planes. Be sure to check for any transit requirements relevant to your route.
Legal Considerations
As you prepare for COP this year, it is important to consider not only the context, but also the laws and regulations inside and outside of the COP premises in the UAE. It is also useful to read the UNFCCC’s Code of Conduct to be aware of the expectations inside COP spaces.
A Few Key UAE Laws to Keep in Mind
It is illegal to take part in a demonstration without a permit. There are severe restrictions on the freedom of assembly. Public meetings require government permits and any unauthorised political or labour protests are dispersed by the police. Demonstrations are rare in practice.
It is illegal to criticise the UAE, the royal family, government officials or insult Islam. Laws against hate speech and discrimination are very loosely worded and can be used to criminalise critics. Nongovernmental organisations are prohibited from “interfering in politics or in matters that impair state security and its ruling region”.
All criticism of nation states is illegal and could lead to criminal charges.
The UAE has one of the most restrictive press laws in the Arab World, which regulates all aspects of media and prohibits any criticism of the government. Therefore, journalists regularly practice self-censorship.
Cybercrime laws are severe:
Many websites are blocked by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (including legitimate information sites and children’s websites).
It’s illegal to promote a terrorist group, unauthorised groups, associations or organisations. The definition of a “terrorist group” is applied subjectively. Many groups have been branded as “terrorist” or “unauthorised”, including organisations lobbying for human rights.
Encouraging others to join a protest without a permit can lead to imprisonment.
It is illegal to publish news, information or statements with intent to “make sarcasm or damage the reputation” of the UAE. This can include any lobbying for improvement or change in the areas of human rights, the judicial system, the penal system, healthcare, policing and so on. Publishing factual news events that reflect badly on the UAE can also be met with criminal charges.
Cybercrime laws apply to any person who has breached the laws inside or outside the country if the content is related to the UAE.
Recreational drugs are illegal and severely criminalised. The possession of anything drug related can lead to legal repercussions even if no drugs are found. The possession of anything containing CBD-oil is illegal.
The legal age to consume alcohol in Dubai is 21 years. It is permitted to consume alcohol in licensed restaurants and bars and in your home, but it is illegal to drink alcohol in the street or any other (non-licensed) public location. Laws on alcohol consumption vary in other Emirates.
In case you have interactions with police, border officials of other security personnel, it is better to comply with requests, than to escalate the situation. Complying with a basic request, such as to check your device, is often a better strategy to minimise the chance of escalating tensions, rather than asserting your right not to be searched. (Review the Digital Security Checklist to prepare for possible device search.) It is wise to always carry your passport or another form of ID with you as well as documentation of your participation at COP in case you are checked by authorities.
Specific Considerations for LGBTQIA+
Cross-dressing (wearing clothing typically associated with the opposite gender) is against the law in the UAE. This is especially risky for trans women and there are reports of trans people being deported. Trans women are at risk of criminalisation under a provision which states that “any male disguised in a female apparel and enters in this disguise a place reserved for women or where entry is forbidden, at that time, for other than women” is forbidden.
Same-sex relationships and sexual activities are strictly prohibited and often criminalised.
Gender nonconformity can be criminalised.
It is not possible to enter the UAE if your passport displays a non-binary gender option.
It is not possible to register organisations that actively support the LGBTQIA+ community within the UAE.
Check out the section on Identity and Discrimination for more information and tips.
Flights
Even though you may not want to contribute to high emissions through air travel, it is recommended to travel to Dubai by direct flight where possible. Land routes are not advisable.
There are two airports in Dubai. Dubai International Airport (DXB) which is the biggest airport in the UAE, and Al Maktoum International Airport (DWC)/ There are also reliable travel routes between Abu Dhabi and Dubai via bus.
If someone else is booking your flight, be sure to notify them of any countries that you cannot travel through based on your home country policies. Suggest flight paths that will limit the risk that you will be questioned or discriminated against while travelling, based on your identity (e.g. you may wish to avoid transiting in countries where being LGBTQIA+ is criminalised).
Where possible, avoid making last minute changes to your schedule and ensure that you have enough time to prepare before your trip. Good preparation is key to avoid last minute decision making which may increase your risk.
Accommodation
If your delegation organiser is not arranging accommodation on your behalf, you should try to find housing as soon as possible after receiving your confirmation of participation at the event.
If you choose to stay in a private apartment (e.g. through AirBnB) rather than a hotel, it is wise to book an entire apartment, rather than a room in a shared space where you cannot verify who you will be sharing with. Arranging to stay in a group with other YCAs is also a good safety strategy. Whether you are booking accommodation in a hotel, guesthouse or a private home, it is worthwhile checking online reviews for previous guest experiences of potentially harmful behaviour such as hidden cameras, unannounced visits by the owners, etc.
Check the location of your planned accommodation. Is the area relatively safe and easily accessible from the venue? Is the next metro station available nearby or will you need to walk for long stretches to get a bus or a taxi?
Money
Think carefully about what payments you will need to make while at the event. What can be done by card payment and what will you need to pay in cash? Consider your hotel, taxis, food and drink (as well as during transit at airports).
You may carry a maximum of 60,000 Emirati Dirhams (approx USD 15,000) when entering or exiting the UAE. There is no limit to the amount of foreign currency you can carry into the country, but sums greater than USD 15,000 (or the equivalent in your local currency) must be declared at customs through the official website. It is advisable to carry enough cash to cover your immediate needs in case of an emergency, but not too much in case it is lost or stolen.
Prepayment of hotel bookings is recommended but ensure you understand any extra costs such as tourism fees. Payments are possible in cash, credit cards and e-wallet services like ApplePay. Cash machines (ATMs) are common, especially in the main tourist areas, and will also be available within the conference venue. It is recommended to change currency into AED at your home airport or upon arrival in the Dubai airport. Currency can be exchanged in hotels or licensed money exchange centres which are located in malls and public markets. Credit cards issued by international banks may give added protection in case of fraud or other issues such as getting refunds or challenging charges.
Will you be able to access the money in your account while abroad? Consider, is your card from a globally recognised provider such as Visa or Mastercard? Are there any restrictions or charges connected to using your card abroad? (Remember also that most banks recommend you inform them of foreign travel to minimise the risk of your card being blocked by the banks’ own anti-fraud measures.)
Also check out our tips on financial sponsorship and transfer of funds.
Health & Medical Insurance
You must have travellers’ medical insurance in place, which will cover you if you need to get any kind of medical treatment in the UAE. This may be arranged for you by your delegation organiser; if not, it is strongly advised that you set up your own insurance policy. Most insurers have a telephone hotline that you can use to contact them if you experience a medical incident. Make sure you keep a copy of your insurance policy with you (including the policy number) in case you need treatment.
In December the seasons change in Dubai, therefore it is peak time for flu season. If you are immunocompromised, it is important to take extra measures to protect your physical health. Remember to be gentle to yourself and be respectful of each other’s needs and wishes, for example with regard to wearing masks.
Vaccinations
Please note that there are some vaccination requirements depending on which country you are based in (e.g. yellow fever). Additionally, we recommend checking with your local doctor which vaccines are recommended at least a month before your trip. The most common travel illness is travellers' diarrhoea.
COVID-19
There are currently no COVID restrictions or regulations in place or within the UAE.
COVID remains present globally and breakouts occur when many people come together from different countries. COP can be a hotspot for the spread of viruses, both during the conference and impacting communities back home once you return. It is also advisable to take a rapid antigen test before starting your journey to ensure the safety of fellow passengers and participants of COP. Where possible, we recommend getting a refresher-vaccination before travelling to be protected against the newest variants.
While many people experience COVID as a mild sickness like a cold, it can still pose a danger for some people, especially those that are immunocompromised. Be aware of your surroundings, carry a mask with you to wear in crowded areas (metro, queues, indoors etc.) and encourage others to do the same.
Bring COVID self-tests with you in case you experience symptoms (headache, sore throat, fever, etc.). Rapid antigen test kits are also available in pharmacies in Dubai for around 25 Dhs (7 USD).
If you experience symptoms, wear a mask and consider self-isolating. It is advisable to test regularly until you feel better, even if the test is negative.
In case of a positive test, stay isolated and inform your close contacts to test themselves as well.
For your packing list: masks, covid tests, cold medication (no prescription needed).
How to Dress in Dubai
You are encouraged to dress modestly to respect the local culture while in Dubai. This means avoiding revealing clothing, such as tank tops, shorts, and mini-skirts, in public areas. In more conservative areas of the city, it is also expected that women cover their shoulders and knees. The case in other Emirates can be different. For example, in the Emirate of Sharjah, the dress code is more strict. If travelling outside of Dubai, check online resources to understand the local context.
Dubai clothing do’s & don’ts
Clothing should not be see-through or revealing in a way that shows private body parts.
Clothing must not contain offensive graphics or slogans (including swear words).
Nudity is prohibited; this includes sunbathing topless for women.
Cross-dressing (wearing clothing typically associated with the opposite gender) is against the law in the UAE.
Swimming & Beachwear
You can wear any kind of swimwear on Dubai’s public beaches, including bikinis, burkinis, and one-piece swimsuits. However, you should avoid wearing see-through shirts and thong bottoms. Never sunbathe naked (or for women, topless). Make sure to cover up when you leave the beach or poolside; swimwear is not considered appropriate for public spaces.
What NOT to Pack
Think carefully about what items you need to bring (considering the duration of your trip and the activities you will participate in) and what might arouse suspicion if your luggage is searched by border or customs officials when entering the UAE.
Illegal Items
It goes without saying that you should not bring anything to COP that is classed as illegal in the UAE. This includes:
all recreational drugs (incl. anything containing CBD) as well as paan substances and betel leaves
anything related to pornography
weapons
gambling equipment
religiously offensive items (publications, pictures, drawings, sculptures)
items relating to black magic, witchcraft or sorcery
Tobacco and alcohol may only be imported in limited quantities. Restrictions also apply to the import of animals and animal products, seeds and agricultural seedlings, food and perfume.
The following items are not illegal, but may result in unwanted attention and increased scrutiny by authorities.
This guide or other security materials (printed or downloaded)
Written notes about your activism, organisation or plans for direct action
Contacts lists (a short list of emergency contacts is ok, you may wish to write it in a way that only you will understand, e.g. using code names or nicknames)
Detailed topographic maps or printed detailed urban maps
Materials critical of UAE’s politics, human rights situation, or strategic interests as they relate to environmental concerns, incl. Media publications
Materials regarding LGBTQIA+ issues (or topics which are non-heteronormative in nature) and associated symbolism (such as rainbow and other pride flags)
Other forms of political symbolism (such as anarchist, communist, etc.)
Advanced photography or cinema/video equipment (if required for your planned actions, be prepared for bureaucracy and questioning)
Drones will not be permitted for use at COP28 and should not be brought into the UAE
Walkie-talkies, radio equipment, satellite phones, WiFi devices (routers, aerials, etc.)
Medications without a prescription (excluding basic over-the-counter remedies such as paracetamol, antihistamines, etc.), or unusually large quantities of medications.
Prescription and recreational drugs
All recreational drugs (excluding alcohol and tobacco) as well as some prescribed drugs are illegal in the UAE and you could be charged with possession, consumption or dealing depending on the quantities.
If you need to carry prescription medication with you, check here if it is a prohibited substance. Carry medications together with the prescription from your doctor. In some cases, you may need permission to bring the medication to the UAE. You can apply for this permit here.
Electronic Devices
It is wise to bring as few electronic devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones) to COP as possible. Where possible bring ‘clean’ or ‘burner’ devices that contain little to no data. Here are some tips on how to prepare your electronic devices for travelling.
Travelling in the UAE
As is the case globally, it is always preferable to travel during the daytime. Travelling in the UAE is possible via bus or flights. In case you are arriving in Abu Dhabi, you can travel to Dubai via one of three different intercity bus routes for a price of AED 25 (USD 7).
Keep a copy of your passport/ID (specifically visa page and photo page) and COP documentation (badge or invitation letter) with you when you are travelling around the UAE.
Getting around in Dubai
The public transport in Dubai is cheap, safe, and reliable. Transport options range from metro train lines and buses, to trams, ferries, and taxis. The metros run on two major lines, the Red Line and the Green Line. The Red Line spans from downtown Dubai to the northern side of Dubai, while the Green Line connects several older cities of Dubai and the southern side. There are two interchange stations that connect the Red and Green lines. They are Burjuman Station and Union Station. Note these two stations in case you need to change from MGreen to MRed or vice versa. Expo City is on the Red Line.
Dubai is rather a small Emirate and so the metro stops are close together and easy to figure out. All COP delegates will get a complimentary Nol Card with which you can use public transports for free. Traffic in Dubai is no joke, especially during peak times where everyone is rushing to offices and schools. Heavy traffic usually occurs from around 6:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
You will be able to find your way around using a tool like Google Maps, however there are also resources you can use offline such as the Full Bus Network, the Rail-Network-Map or the Bus-Route-List.
What is a Nol Card?
The Nol Card is a smart card that enables you to pay for various public transportation in Dubai with a single tap. You can use your Nol card to travel on the Dubai Metro, buses, trams and marine transport modes like water buses. You are required to tap your Nol card while entering and exiting the public transport. Not doing so can lead you to a fine of AED 200 (USD 55). You can also use the Nol Card to pay taxi fares and at convenience stores in metro stations (such as Zoom).
Guidelines on using public transport in Dubai
Metros and trams in Dubai have three cabin types: the regular cabin, the women and children’s cabin, and the gold cabin. The cabins are sections of the tram, with each section clearly marked. You may only use the women and children’s cabin if you fall in either of this category. If not, you will bear a fine of AED 100 (approx. USD 27). You may only use the Gold Cabin if you have a Gold Nol Card, if not you will bear a fine of AED 100.
On buses there is priority seating for women, children, elderly, and people with disabilities. During times where the bus is full, you are expected to give your seat to any person of the above categories.
You must abide by the rules while using the public transportations as there are strict fines starting from AED 100 up to AED 2000. For example, you are not allowed to eat or drink on public transport (with the exception of drinking water). You are also not permitted to chew gum while on public transport. Violating either of these rules will likely result in a fine of AED 100. You can find a comprehensive set of all the rules and regulations to follow within public transport in Dubai here.
Bus and Metro Timings:
Please note that Buses and Metros do not operate around the clock. Make sure that you do not miss the last Bus or Metro!
Dubai Bus is fully operational from 04:00am to 01:00am (next day)
Dubai Metros run from 5:00am to 12:00am (midnight) except on Fridays where it runs from 5:00am to 01:00am (next day)
Please note that if you plan to take the metro from the airport to your accommodation site, the Airport Metro stops running at midnight
Trams run everyday from 06:00am to 01:00am (next day) except on Sunday where it runs from 09:00am to 01:00am (next day)
Taxis
Taxis in Dubai can be booked via the Careem app or the DTC app. For booking Taxis in Abu Dhabi, you can use the Abu Dhabi Taxi app (iOS, Android).
In Dubai, Pink Taxis are available which are driven by women, for women, children, and families. To book this service (and especially if you are a woman travelling alone), you can do so via the DTC app.
Uber is available in Dubai but is not recommended as it can cost up to twice the amount of a regular taxi.
Please note that in certain areas you may be approached by people asking if you want taxi service or rideshare. This is illegal activity. Do not accept rides with private drivers.
See the section below on using official apps with caution for tips on safer app settings.
Communications and Internet
Dubai has very good mobile network coverage. Messaging and accessing apps and websites are no problem both on mobile data and when using WiFi in hotels or conference centres. However many websites are blocked (censored) in the UAE and many apps may not function fully due to these restrictions. The volume of users within the event venue at COP may affect connection speeds for both WiFi and mobile data.
There are three main SIM card services in Dubai: Virgin Mobile, Du and Etisalat. It has been mentioned that SIM cards may be provided to COP delegates for free on arrival. You can also buy local SIM cards in most places, including at the airport. You will be required to register the SIM with a valid identification document. For foreigners, this must be your passport. You can also consider buying an eSIM card before travelling to the UAE (Airalo provides a number of e-sim options). If you intend to use roaming in the UAE, check with your telecoms provider before departure for coverage and costs
Device, Communication and Document Security
The UAE Government is known to use advanced digital surveillance techniques against activists and journalists. As such, it is wise to take steps to ensure your communications stay private while in the UAE.
Pre-Travel Checklist
I am only bringing the necessary devices with me (e.g. computer, phone).
I have uploaded my most important/sensitive files in a secure place (e.g. cloud)
I have deleted any sensitive information (chats, files, browser history) from my devices
I have made my social media accounts private and have reviewed and deleted old posts that may be sensitive or compromising (you can follow the steps for your accounts in the Kaspersky Privacy checker for useful privacy recommendations)
All of my devices have strong password locks and biometrics disabled (steps for Windows and Mac computers, Android and iOS devices).
I have MFA enabled in all my accounts (you can follow the steps for your accounts in the Kaspersky Privacy checker or by following this guide).
I have installed VPNs (e.g. ProtonVPN, PsiphonVPN, ExpressVPN) on my devices
I use a password manager (you can follow this guide to set up Bitwarden)
My antivirus and firewall are enabled on my computer (Antivirus settings for Windows and for Mac computers; Firewall settings for Windows and for Mac computers)
Reflect on your personal and collective digital safety situation in the context of your participation at COP28.
What can I do to improve my safety in digital spaces? What can I make sure to pass on to my peers to do?
How could a digital incident (e.g. posting a picture of my peer during a demonstration and tagging them, having our text messages leaked) could impact on their safety and mine?
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Keep all your sensitive communications to an encrypted app (Signal is the most secure, followed by WhatsApp). We do not recommend the usage of Telegram, as it is headquartered in the UAE and likely surveilled. VoIP calls (Signal/WhatsApp calls) are blocked but restrictions are sometimes eased during international events.
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To use or access some apps and websites (including local and international news websites) you will need to use a VPN. It is not possible to download and install a VPN once in the UAE, and VPN servers are regularly blocked. As such, install two or more VPNs before departing for the UAE to ensure you will have options if one stops working during COP.
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Using a device with firewall enabled, a recent operating system, and ensuring any updates are installed is an effective way to reduce this risk. To increase the privacy of your internet activity and your device security, always use a VPN when connecting to public WiFi networks. To avoid the need to connect to WiFi, use mobile data together with a VPN for maximum privacy and device security.
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Using a VPN to access websites where the website or its content are deemed in violation of UAE law is a punishable offence under the cybercrime law. Likewise, you should not use a VPN to facilitate activity that could be deemed to be critical of the UAE, damage its reputation, or threaten its security. The laws governing cybercrime are overly broad and vaguely worded, which allows for wide interpretation by the authorities.
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Most apps are not available in the UAE but having such apps on your phone can reveal sensitive information about your sexual orientation or gender identity and result in increased risk if noticed during a device search.
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Past social media posts might also be viewed if your device is searched. Statements critical of the UAE Government, its policies, current or past human rights issues and the treatment of UAE activists are major red flags and likely to result in a harsh response by UAE authorities (e.g. interrogation, arrest, deportation, possible legal charges). Think carefully about what you post online during COP and consider deleting old posts that might draw unwanted negative attention. Think also about whether your posts may raise your risk profile when you return home.
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For example USB thumb drives or hard drives belonging to people you do not know or trust. These may contain malware that could damage your device or give others access to your information.
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Leaving your devices in public areas, even briefly, or in order to charge them, means an untrusted person could access them.
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Consider your electronic devices, notebooks and other materials. If you suspect someone has accessed your room or looked through your stuff, inform the relevant member of your group and consider reaching out to the Safety Hub for advice.
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It is not yet clear what apps will be required to participate in COP28 activities. You may be required to install one or more apps to access events or transportation services.
Mobile apps are typically well firewalled, and only have access to the data you allow them (e.g. contacts, location, microphone, etc). These restrictions are more reliable on iOS devices than Android, and on updated mobile devices than on devices that haven't been updated for a while.
Take the following steps to minimise risks to your digital security when using these apps:
1) Do not grant any permissions that do not make sense for the purpose of the app (e.g. camera for an app that shouldn't take pictures or read QR codes).
2) Do not grant access to contacts or your microphone, especially if you use your device for organising actions. If these permissions are mandatory and you must use the app, take significant precautions. For example, by wiping your phone of important data like your contacts before granting the app permissions, and by keeping your phone turned off when not not needed.
3) Restrict location access. If you have a newer Android or iOS device you can restrict location access to only when using the app. If you have an older device you may need to manually go into settings and disable location services for the specific app when you are not using it.
4) Be aware that any personal information you enter into the app could get into the hands of the authorities. This is mostly dangerous when paired with other data access (e.g. contacts, microphone, location, etc.).
Review the Digital Security Checklist for more guidance on how to keep your devices and communications secure.
Narrative Risks and Talking to Media
It is important for everyone to understand that many people based in the UAE engage in self-censorship and may not engage in actions to ensure their own safety. YCAs from countries with limited civil space look for other ways to participate in support against the climate crisis. Please pay attention to who is around you when speaking about controversial topics to ensure you are not accidentally endangering a fellow activist.
Considerations for MAPA YCAs
Don’t attend an action if you are unsure how this could impact you; reflect together with your delegation if it is safe for you to participate. Remember that security is deeply personal. You have the right to decide on how you can best engage in different activities while at COP.
Prepare how you will respond to questions on sensitive topics. Practise how to redirect questions to avoid endangering yourself. Talk to your delegation about the narrative and framing you feel comfortable with. Request your delegation organisers to prepare a media / narrative training.
If you observe or feel that you or a fellow activist is in a position of discomfort or at risk, trust your gut and share your concerns with your delegation lead. Ask for their support in navigating the situation, whether by conducting a risk assessment, developing strategies, or seeking wellbeing support. Remember that you can always reach out to the Safety Hub for guidance and support.
Considerations for Global North YCAs
Prior to coming to the UAE, take time to understand the cultural contexts and backgrounds of the region without perpetuating colonialist dynamics. While highlighting human rights violations is important, it is essential to understand the context and history of the UAE before joining a campaign to avoid endangering local activists. Many MAPA-based YCAs are unable to speak up due to limitations of civil society space and associated risks. Ensure you do not unknowingly exacerbate any risks that they may face.
Understand that statements you make to officials and media during COP28 can have security risks for local activists as well as other MAPA-based activists. Ensure to plan statements to reduce any possible knock-on risks that may arise as a result. Sometimes the simple association of a MAPA-based activists with a statement you make can put them at risk.
Avoid tokenization of MAPA-based or UAE-based YCAs during interviews or actions by reflecting before the event on why you are inviting them to the space. Do you know enough about their campaign? Are you campaigning together? Is it a safe news outlet for them to speak at?
Avoid exclusion of MAPA-based YCAs at actions inside of the blue zone. Reflect on the space you are taking during an event. Instead of having the “loudest” voice at the protest offer support with registration of actions or taking over an awareness role during the action.
Recognise situations where it is key to step back and listen, support, or amplify local youth voices instead of leading the dialogue/action on specific issues. Where rights are restricted, for example for LGBTQIA+ people in the UAE, be cognizant of their lived experience, and recognise that any hardships you may feel during the short period of COP in the UAE may be minimal in relation to those for whom the same experiences are an ongoing struggle. Jokes around “being illegal in the country” coming from those for whom it is a temporary experience can cause harm to LGBTQIA+ people in the region. Consider the intersectionality of issues and how they may affect others within the movement; the protection of one group should not cause harm to another group, especially for those facing multiple layers of oppression (e.g. being both LGBTQI+ and MAPA).
Avoiding the revictimization of activists at risk. Where a member of your delegation has experienced a risk, ensure that they do not need to file multiple reports on violations/incidents consisting of a cycle of revictimization while seeking your support.
Regulation on Fundraising
The UAE has a strict Donations Regulatory Law based on its Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Financing efforts. The law only permits licensed or authorized entities registered in the UAE to engage in fundraising activities. What qualifies as fundraising such may be interpreted broadly by UAE authorities.
Engaging in fundraising-related activities, such as discussions about proposals and grants, donor organizing and collecting funds outside the Blue Zone will be considered illegal. Violations of this regulation can lead to high fines and imprisonment.
Fundraising activities will be permitted within the Blue Zone, as it falls under UN regulation. It is likely that events will be organised during COP to address fundraising needs and connect funders with activists. You should only engage in funding conversations in the Blue Zone. When doing so, and avoid discussing sensitive topics in public spaces, remain aware of your surroundings and remember that surveillance (including within the Blue Zone) is widespread.
Typically, many people at COP engage in fundraising activities. This may lead to a deceptive sense of safety towards events other friends are attending or organising. Ensure that organisers and participants of any events that could be perceived as fundraising-related are aware of the regulations, and that such events only take place within the Blue Zone.
Safety within the UNFCCC
Though the Blue Zone falls under the UN law, it is important to understand the restrictions within this space. It is not permitted to bring any political slogans and symbols inside the blue zone. This rule is sometimes enforced more strongly, especially regarding hot topics in the negotiations. You and your bags will be scanned before entering the Blue Zone and your bag may be checked.
Harassment
Though the UNFCCC has its own security and protocol, harassment in the Blue Zone is possible and happens frequently. Power dynamics exist in encounters between youth activists and local government officials, who may belittle or be dismissive of you or your work. In some instances this can escalate as far as actual harassment (or in the worst case, assault).
The UNFCCC has policies in place which allow any misconduct to be reported. Reports can be made either directly to any badged UN Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS) officer or by calling the United Nations Security Control Centre. The Control Centre operates 24 hours per day and a phone number will be provided in due course. Incidents may also be reported to SpeakUp@unfccc.int at any time during the conference.
Based on your report, the UNFCCC may:
undertake a fact-finding exercise
request the perpetrator to immediately stop the offending behaviour
suspend or terminate the perpetrator’s access to the UN system event or refusing registration at future UN system events, or both
convey the complaint to any investigative or disciplinary authority with jurisdiction over the person accused of harassment
convey a report to the employer or entity with jurisdiction over the person accused of harassment for appropriate follow-up action
In case of harassment or mistreatment by UN officials, you can submit a report via the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS).
While your complaint may not lead to immediate, effective outcome, it is nevertheless important that you report any misconduct and support others in your delegation to do the same.
If you experience any risk situations within the Blue Zone in connection to unknown individuals (harassment, intimidation, being followed or surveilled):
ensure you stay with a group
report the incident to your delegation
discuss in your delegation if confronting the person is a safe option
reach out to the Safety Hub for further support and advice
Harassment can also arise within delegations or from other YCAs. Have a focal point in your delegation whom you can reach out to for support needs. The Safety Hub can also connect you to well-being specialists.
Actions
The UNFCCC has a formal process for registering actions. It is important to follow the guidelines for any actions you plan within the Blue Zone.
All actions/strikes/mobilisations outside the Blue Zone are illegal without a permit. It is highly unlikely that permits will be granted for actions outside of the Blue Zone. Any illegal actions will fall under UAE law and jurisdiction and penalties may be severe. It is strongly recommended that you do not seek to hold actions outside of the Blue Zone.
For actions inside the Blue Zone, the UNFCCC will provide admitted NGOs contact points relevant information for registration. There will be designated locations for actions, each with a maximum number of participants. The list of locations is usually available 1-2 days before the start of the conference and may be subject to change.
There are strict guidelines to be followed if you are considering organising or joining any actions. These are as follows:
You are not allowed to name any country (including national flags)
You are not allowed to name any company
If you do not abide by these rules and/or organise or attend unregistered actions, the consequences to you or your accredited NGO can be severe, including but not limited to debadgement or being banned from future attendance. Constituencies often organise actions jointly to increase safety. Goals and agreed language for planned actions should be communicated in advance.
We encourage appointing “awareness people” during your actions within the UNFCCC zone. The main role of awareness people is to be observant of how the action is going and provide any support activists participating in the action might need. For example, by ensuring that the media is not preventing activists from moving smoothly through the action zones, making sure there is no pushing or shoving of people during the action, and being ready to respond in case an incident arises.
Implications of the War in Gaza
What is the UAE’s official position on the war?
The UAE shares strong cultural ties with Palestine and has been a long-term supporter of Palestinian independence. In 2020, the UAE also established diplomatic relations with Israel under the Abraham Accords, allowing for closer economic and security ties between the two countries. Officials have spoken out to condemn the October 7th violence committed by Hamas, as well as voicing criticism of the Israeli response in the weeks since. The UAE has repeatedly called for an end to the violence, with UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan urging the “need to advance de-escalation efforts and secure a just, lasting, and comprehensive peace in the region.”
How might the war in Gaza affect my attendance at COP28?
At the time of writing (23/11/2023), it appears highly unlikely that the war will result in COP being cancelled or moved.
People currently based in Israel, Palestine, or travelling on an Israeli passport should carefully consider their participation due to increased personal risks and potential logistical challenges (e.g. flight rerouting or cancellations in case of an escalation).
If there is a significant escalation in the war, or related risk events (e.g. attacks on foreigners in the SWANA/MENA region) it will be important to re-assess your risk. Reach out to the Safety Hub for support on this.
Is the UAE safe for Israelis and Jewish people of other nationalities?
Since early October, no incidents affecting or targeting Israelis or members of the Jewish community in Dubai have been publicly reported. The Israeli Foreign Ministry rates the UAE as ‘medium risk’ and advises caution while travelling, including by avoiding external Israeli and Jewish symbols, and speaking Hebrew in public.
Is the UAE safe for Palestinians?
Since early October, no incidents affecting or targeting Palestinians living in Dubai have been publicly reported. Due to cultural ties, the public in the UAE largely stands in solidarity with Palestinians.
Pro-Palestinian solidarity symbols (such as wearing a Keffiyeh) are common and have not been met with restrictions by authorities in Dubai. It is unclear if there have been incidents outside of Dubai and tolerance for such political expression may vary across the Emirates. As such, it is recommended to exercise caution when deciding whether to wear symbols of pro-Palestinian solidarity outside of the Blue Zone.
Is it safe to participate in peace/solidarity actions related to the war in Gaza?
As with all actions during COP28, the only areas where actions may take place are within the Blue Zone. All actions within the Blue Zone must be registered in advance.
All actions outside the Blue Zone are illegal without a permit. It is highly unlikely that permits will be granted for actions outside of the Blue Zone. Any illegal actions will fall under UAE law and jurisdiction and penalties may be severe.
Actions in support of peace and the promotion of humanitarian goals are more likely to be permitted with less risk of repercussions.
If you participate in actions in the Blue Zone, remember:
It is not permitted to name or criticise any country, or to desecrate national flags.
Actions directly naming Israel will not be permitted and risk penalties from the UNFCCC (such as debadgement).
Actions targeting specific delegations may incur additional risk and should be avoided.
Praise or support of Hamas may also lead to increased risk.
Under UAE law (outside of the Blue Zone) all criticism of nation states is illegal and could lead to criminal charges.
Risks for Children and how to Support their Participation at COP28
If your delegation is planning to bring children (youth under 18) to COP28 in Dubai, it is important to ensure that the delegation has a safeguarding policy and procedures in place to actively prevent harm and abuse.
What is child safeguarding?
Save the Children defines child safeguarding as “preventative actions to ensure that all children are protected from deliberate or unintentional acts that lead to the risk of or actual harm… The goal of child safeguarding is to create and maintain a safe culture that is child-focused and community-driven through sustained and meaningful engagement with children, their families, communities and all representatives.”
The following steps can be taken to implement child safeguarding in your delegation:
Ensure that your delegation has a child safeguarding coordinator. This person should have received relevant training. Establish a reporting mechanism and take action in case harm takes place.
Complete a personal risk assessment for all children prior to the event.
Establish protocols with the child safeguarding coordinator, the guardian and the minor to implement relevant safety measures (e.g. ensuring that the minor has a working phone) and that all parties know how to respond in specific risk scenarios (e.g. guardian and minor are separated) including as identified in the personal risk assessment.
Ensure that children have a designated guardian present. This is usually a parent, however within the Blue Zone that might not always be possible. In this case, you can ask an adult within your delegation to act as their guardian during the event. Agree upfront what actions the child feels safe with and include their legal guardian in the conversation.
Potential risk to children at events may include, but are not limited to:
children being vulnerable to sexual or criminal perpetrators
accidental harm
bullying
children being unaccompanied/unsupervised
children witnessing or being involved with inappropriate or dangerous adult behaviour